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Bicarbonate secretion inhibition and Acid-Base imbalance The stomachs natural defence against its own acid production relies heavily on bicarbonate secretion, which creates a protective alkaline layer immediately adjacent to the gastric mucosa

While vaping is not risk-free, it poses a significantly lower risk than continuing to smoke

Published 22 July in Nicotine & Tobacco Research, the study analysed survey data from 1.3 million women around the world, aged 15 to 49 in 42 lower- to middle-income countries, including 80,454 women who were pregnant

Covey LS, Hu MC, Weissman J, Croghan I, Adler L, Winhusen T (2011)

A meta-analysis published in 2015 in the British Medical Journal analysed the genetic information of nearly 1,50,000 current, former, and non-smokers and found that a gene variant associated with heavy smoking can lead to an increase in waist circumference